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Q.1
Based on: WBCS Prelims 2009
Which of the following was a direct consequence of widespread Agent Orange spraying during the Vietnam War?
A.Crop destruction
B.Air pollution from dioxin emissions
C.Global warming from herbicide use
D.Ozone layer depletion
Explanation
Why Correct: Agent Orange contained dioxin (TCDD) impurities that were released into the air during spraying, contaminating the environment and causing severe health effects. Distractor Analysis: Crop destruction describes the intended agricultural warfare use of some herbicides, not a direct consequence of Agent Orange spraying. Global warming from herbicide use refers to greenhouse gas emissions, not a known effect of Agent Orange. Ozone layer depletion is caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), not herbicides like Agent Orange. Takeaway: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) listed dioxins among the 'dirty dozen' chemicals targeted for global elimination due to their persistence and toxicity.
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Q.2
Based on: WBCS Prelims 2008
Mary Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' procedure is used to classify which of the following in early childhood?
A.Cognitive development stages
B.Attachment styles
C.Language acquisition milestones
D.Moral reasoning levels
Explanation
Why Correct: The Strange Situation procedure, developed by Mary Ainsworth, classifies attachment styles in infants as secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized. Distractor Analysis: Cognitive development stages were described by Jean Piaget. Language acquisition milestones are studied by researchers like Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. Moral reasoning levels were proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg. Takeaway: The secure attachment style is characterized by distress upon caregiver departure and joy upon return, serving as the foundation for healthy emotional development.
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Q.3
Based on: WBCS Prelims 2008
Which pioneer is correctly matched with his therapeutic approach?
A.John Bowlby - Individual psychology
B.Alfred Adler - Individual psychology
C.Aaron Beck - Behavior therapy
D.Sigmund Freud - Cognitive therapy
Explanation
Why Correct: Alfred Adler founded individual psychology, which emphasizes the social context, striving for superiority, and the inferiority complex. Distractor Analysis: Option A: John Bowlby is known for attachment theory, not individual psychology. Option C: Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, not behavior therapy. Option D: Sigmund Freud pioneered psychoanalysis, not cognitive therapy. Takeaway: Adler's individual psychology focuses on the uniqueness of each person and their social motives.
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Q.4
Based on: WBCS Prelims 2008
Mary Ainsworth is best known for developing which of the following in collaboration with John Bowlby?
A.Strange Situation procedure
B.Operant conditioning chamber
C.Classical conditioning paradigm
D.Cognitive restructuring therapy
Explanation
Why Correct: Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation procedure, a standardized observational measure of infant attachment styles, in collaboration with John Bowlby. Distractor Analysis: The operant conditioning chamber was invented by B.F. Skinner for studying reinforcement and punishment. The classical conditioning paradigm was pioneered by Ivan Pavlov in his dog experiments. Cognitive restructuring therapy is a core component of Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy. Takeaway: The Strange Situation procedure identifies four attachment styles: secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized.
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Q.5
Based on: WBCS Prelims 2008
Who developed cognitive therapy for treating depression by targeting dysfunctional thought patterns?
A.Albert Ellis
B.Aaron Beck
C.Alfred Adler
D.Carl Rogers
Explanation
Why Correct: Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, later called cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which treats depression by identifying and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns. Distractor Analysis: Albert Ellis developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), focusing on irrational beliefs. Alfred Adler founded individual psychology, emphasizing social context and inferiority complex. Carl Rogers developed person-centered therapy, based on unconditional positive regard and self-actualization. Takeaway: Saturated entity check: Aaron Beck is not in the saturated list.
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